$ Ctrl+Z

Resumes jobs that have been suspended, and keeps them running in the background:

$ bg

Bring most recently suspended background job to foreground:

$ fg

Display status of jobs in the current session:

$ jobs

Java

Supports Exceptions

Argument

Returns

.NET Equivalent

Callable

Yes

No

Yes

Func

Supplier

No

No

Yes

Func

Function

No

Yes

Yes

Func

Consumer

No

Yes

No

Action

Runnable

No

No

No

Action

A Repository mediates between the domain and data mapping layers, acting like an in-memory domain object collection. Client objects construct query specifications declaratively and submit them to Repository for satisfaction. Objects can be added to and removed from the Repository, as they can from a simple collection of objects, and the mapping code encapsulated by the Repository will carry out the appropriate operations behind the scenes.

Objectives

Use the Repository pattern to achieve one or more of the following objectives:

• You want to maximize the amount of code that can be tested with automation and to isolate the data layer to support unit testing.

• You access the data source from many locations and want to apply centrally managed, consistent access rules and logic.

• You want to implement and centralize a caching strategy for the data source.

• You want to improve the code’s maintainability and readability by separating business logic from data or service access logic.

• You want to use business entities that are strongly typed so that you can identify problems at compile time instead of at run time.

• You want to associate a behavior with the related data. For example, you want to calculate fields or enforce complex relationships or business rules between the data elements within an entity.

• You want to apply a domain model to simplify complex business logic.

Best Practices

1. Do not use IQueryable as the return type of query methods. Because it creates tight coupling and you get no benefit over using the OR/M directly. Use more generic types like IEnumerable.

2. Create repositories for domain aggregates only not for every single entity. If you are not using Aggregates in a Bounded Context, the repository pattern may be less useful.

3. Creating base types for repositories is not recommended. If it is needed make sure not breaking the Interface Segregation Principle.

4. It is not recommended to create generic repositories, make sure you have a good reason if you want to create one.

5. Repositories must return domain entities which are usable in the domain services without having to be converted, so any data contracts must be converted to domain entities before the repository returns them.

6. Apart from CRUD operations, repositories can also have identity generator, count methods or finder methods.

7. A repository should only have the minimum required operations. It doesn’t even have to include all the four of CRUD operations. It can be as simple as a repository with only one operation.

8. It is OK to have bulk methods for adding or removing multiple items to or from the repository.

9. If you find that you must create many finder methods supporting use case optimal queries on multiple Repositories, it’s probably a code smell. First of all, this situation could be an indication that you’ve misjudged Aggregate boundaries and overlooked the opportunity to design one or more Aggregates of different types. However, if you encounter this situation and your analysis indicates that your Aggregate boundaries are well designed, this could point to the need to consider using CQRS.

10. Do not design a Repository to provide access to parts that the Aggregate Root would not otherwise allow access to by way of navigation.

11. Place the repository interface definition in the same Module (assembly) as the Aggregate type that it stores. The implementation class goes in a separate Module. The following image shows how the dependencies should be

12. Generally speaking, there is a one-to-one relationship between an Aggregate type and a Repository.

13. If the aggregate includes large members, for example, big lists of items, you can consider lazy loading.

14. The only responsibility of a repository is data persistence, so no business (domain) logic should be added to a repository. The operations are CRUD only. This also applies to the name of the methods.

References

• Implementing Domain-Driven Design. Vaughn Vernon

• IQueryable is Tight Coupling by Mark Seemann

• MSDN Application Design Patterns – The Repository Pattern

• Martin Fowler Website – Repository

The easiest way to resolve this is to reference the assembly containing the required type. This way the BinaryFormatter will return an object of the same type and all you need to do is a simple cast:

var formatter = new BinaryFormatter(); var obj = (SourceType)formatter.Deserialize(stream);

However, this approach may not be possible for many reasons: You may not have access to the source assembly, the assembly may be targeting a different platform, etc. In such cases the solution is to create proxy types which have similar structure to the source type. Your BinaryFormatter then needs to be configured to deserialize the stream to a proxy type rather than the original one. This is done by creating a custom SerializationBinder:

sealed class MySerializationBinder : SerializationBinder { public override Type BindToType(string assemblyName, string typeName) { return Type.GetType(String.Format("{0}, {1}", typeName, PROXY_ASSEMBLY_NAME); } }

You then need to assign it to the formatter:

var formatter = new BinaryFormatter { Binder = new MySerializationBinder () };

But there are still cases where you cannot even create proxy assemblies because the structure of the original types may be completely unknown to you. In such cases you should create a Descriptor Proxy which can represent a deserialized object in a dynamic way:

[Serializable] class ObjectDescriptor : ISerializable { private readonly SerializationInfoEnumerator enumerator;

[SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, SerializationFormatter = true)] void ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) { }

[SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, SerializationFormatter = true)] private ObjectDescriptor(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) { this.enumerator = info.GetEnumerator(); }

public IEnumerable<SerializationEntry> GetMembers() { this.enumerator.Reset(); while (this.enumerator.MoveNext()) { yield return this.enumerator.Current; } } }

The descriptor object can then be used to create a dynamic object:

public dynamic CreateDynamicObject(ObjectDescriptor descriptor) { var nameRegex = new Regex("<(.+)>");

IDictionary<string, object> expando = new ExpandoObject();

foreach (SerializationEntry member in descriptor.GetMembers()) { string memberName = nameRegex.IsMatch(member.Name) ? nameRegex.Match(member.Name).Groups[1].Value : member.Name; expando[memberName] = member.Value is ObjectDescriptor complexMember ? CreateDynamicObject(complexMember) : member.Value; }

return (ExpandoObject)expando; }

Find a complete sample project implementing the above solution at this GitHub repository.

Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies: dotnet : Depends: libicu52 (>= 52~m1-1~) but it is not installable E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

As a workaround you can download and install libicu52 manually before installing dotnet .

Solution: Update to the latest version of nuget.exe by running the following command in the .nuget folder of your solution:

nuget update -self

Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope Process Unrestricted

It is not a good idea to judge how big a class is based on the number of lines of code, however the following list can give you a rough estimate:

• Less than 100: Ideal
• 100 to 200: Ok
• 200 to 300: Warning
• 300+: The class is too big

You are going to install Json.NET NuGet package but you get the following error:

JSON Failed to initialize the PowerShell host. If your PowerShell execution policy setting is set to AllSigned, open the Package Manager Console to initialize the host first.

Solution:

1. Open PowerShell console in Administrator mode. Note that you should open the x86 version if you are running the 32bit version of Visual Studio. Likewise open x64 if your Visual Studio is 64bit.
2. Run this command start-job { Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted } -RunAs32 | wait-job | Receive-Job
3. Reopen Visual and the issue should be fixed

In this article, we will implement [the Northwind customers scenario](https://baharestani.com/northwind-customers-scenario/ "Northwind Customers scenario") using Ninject in an ASP.NET MVC 3 application. Ninject MVC extension also supports other versions of the MVC framework. (Download the source code)

Add a new ASP .NET MVC3 Web application to the Northwind solution with references to the Northwind.Core project and Ninject Conventions extension.
We should also reference Ninject MVC extension. The easiest way is to install the Ninject.Mvc3 package using NuGet. Keep in mind that although the name of the package is Ninject.Mvc3, it is upward compatible with newer versions of the MVC framework. Alternatively, we could download the Ninject.Web.Mvc binary from GitHub and reference it from our project. In this case, we also needed to reference the Ninject and Ninject.Web.Common libraries. These libraries are referenced automatically if we install the Ninject.Mvc3 package using NuGet. NuGet also adds the App_Start folder containing a file named NinjectWebCommon.cs to the project. The NinjectWebCommon class contains a Start() method that will be the starting point of the application. It sets up everything to hook Ninject to MVC framework. So, once we have installed Ninject MVC extension using NuGet, we do not need to do anything else to set up our application, and everything will be already there for us. This is because NuGet allows packages to add files to the project as a part of their installation process. The NinjectWebCommon class has a method named CreateKernel which can be used as the Composition Root to register our services. We will talk more about this class in the next section.
If we reference Ninject libraries manually using separately downloaded binary files, we should make the following changes to the MvcApplication class located under the Global.asax file:

1. The MvcApplication class should derive from the NinjectHttpApplication class, rather than System.Web.HttpApplication.
2. Instead of having the Application_Start method as the starting point, we should override the OnApplicationStarted method, and anything within Application_Start should go to OnApplicationStarted.
3. We should override CreateKernel and use it for service registration.

The following code shows the CreateKernel method:

protected override IKernel CreateKernel() { var kernel = new StandardKernel(); kernel.Load(new ServiceRegistration()); return kernel; }

Even if we use NuGet to set up our project, we can delete the App_Start folder, and use Global.asax as described previously. In this case, we can remove references to the WebActivator and Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure libraries that NuGet has created. It is up to you which approach to use, as they do exactly the same thing in two different ways. The first one is easier to use and does not need any extra efforts to set up the application; while the second one uses the existing Global.asax file as the application startup point and doesn’t require additional files or libraries to be referenced. In this example, we use the Global.asax file as starting point. In the next section, we will use the App_Start and NinjectWebCommon classes which NuGet creates.
Let’s start implementing the presentation of customers list in our application. Open the HomeController class and add a constructor which introduces our ICustomerRepository interface as its parameter:

private readonly ICustomerRepository repository;

public HomeController(ICustomerRepository repository) { this.repository = repository; }

The next step is to modify the Index action method as follows:

public ActionResult Index() { var customers = repository.GetAll(); return View(customers); }

It uses the ICustomerRepository interface to populate customers. Please note that we don’t need to create a new Model for customer and the one that we have already created in our domain layer is being used here. Then delete the existing Index.cshtml View and add a new one with List scaffold template and our Customer domain model as the Model class.
Now add the Create action methods as follows:

public ActionResult Create() { return View(); }

[HttpPost] public ActionResult Create(Customer customer) { if (ModelState.IsValid) { repository.Add(customer); return RedirectToAction("Index"); } return View(); }

The first one is called when the hyperlink Create New is clicked using HTTP GET method and the second one is called when the Create View is submitted using HTTP POST method. The created customer Model is passed to the Create method and can be added to the repository. Checking the ModelState.IsValid property is for server-side validation. We can now add a Create View for this action with Core.Customer as Model class and the Create scaffold template.

Validator injection

Now we need to add some validation rules to our Customer Model class. MVC framework supports different kinds of validation including annotation-based validation in which we use validation attributes on the properties of the Model to define the validation rules:

public class Customer { [Required] public string ID { get; set; } [Required] public string CompanyName { get; set; } public string City { get; set; } public string PostalCode { get; set; } [StringLength(10)] public string Phone { get; set; } }

The validation attributes are not part of MVC library and this makes it possible to apply them to our Customer Model within our domain layer. This way, we can share these validation rules among other UI frameworks as well. We just need to reference the System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations library in our domain project. MVC framework automatically validates the Model based on the provided attributes. But these attributes are limited to basic validation rules. What if we need to check whether the provided ID for our customer is not duplicated? In such scenarios we need to create our custom validation attributes:

public class UniqueCustomerIdAttribute : ValidationAttribute { [Inject] public ICustomerValidator Validator { get; set; }

public override bool IsValid(object value) { if (Validator == null) { throw new Exception("Validator is not specified."); } if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(value as string)) { return false; } return Validator.ValidateUniqueness(value as string); } }

By deriving from ValidationAttribute and overriding its IsValid method, we can define a custom validation attribute. This validator uses an object of the type ICustomerValidator to validate the given value which is a customer ID across the repository to check whether it is unique or duplicated. The following is the implementation of ICustomerValidator:

public class CustomerValidator : ICustomerValidator { private readonly ICustomerRepository repository;

public CustomerValidator(ICustomerRepository repository) { this.repository = repository; }

public bool ValidateUniqueness(string customerID) { return repository.Get(customerID) == null; } }

Validation is successful, provided the repository cannot find any existing customer with the given customer ID.
You may have noticed that in the UniqueCustomerIdAttribute class we didn’t introduce the ICustomerValidator interface as a dependency in the constructor. The reason is that it is not possible to apply an attribute which requires constructor parameters without providing its arguments. That’s why we used the Property Injection pattern, rather than Constructor Injection. Although this attribute should be instantiated by MVC framework, Ninject can inject the dependency before the IsValid method is called. Now you may be wondering that applying the [Inject] attribute in our domain layer, will make it dependent on Ninject. Well, it didn’t, because we didn’t use the Ninject version of the [Inject] attribute. Instead, we created another InjectAttribute class in our Core library. We discussed about how to set up Ninject to use another attribute instead of its internal [Inject] attribute in Chapter 3, Meeting real-world Requirements. This way we don’t have to have a reference to the Ninject library, and can even replace Ninject with other DI containers without needing to touch the domain layer.
We can now add the UniqueCustomerIdAttribute attribute to the validation rules of our Customer Model:

[Required, UniqueCustomerId] public string ID { get; set; }

Filter injection

Filters are implementations of the IActionFilter, IResultFilter, IExceptionFilter, or IAuthorizationFilter interfaces that make it possible to perform special operations while invoking an action method. ASP.NET MVC allows us to apply filters in two ways, both of which are supported by Ninject:

• Applying a filter attribute to the Controller or an Action method. This approach has been supported by MVC framework since its first version and doesn’t fully support DI.
• Applying filters without attributes using filter providers which is introduced in MVC 3 and supports all DI patterns.

In the first method, the filter class derives from ActionFilterAttribute and the created filter attribute will be applied to a Controller or one of its action methods. Like other attributes, a filter attribute cannot be applied if it does not have a default constructor, so we cannot use Constructor Injection in filter attributes. However, if we use Property Injection using the [Inject] attribute, the dependencies get injected by Ninject without any special configuration. The following example shows how to define an action filter attribute which can pass action information to a performance monitoring service:

public class PerformanceFilterAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute { [Inject] public IPerformanceMonitoringService PerformanceMonitor { get; set; }

public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext) { PerformanceMonitor.BeginMonitor(filterContext); }

public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext filterContext) { PerformanceMonitor.EndMonitor(filterContext); } }

The implementation of IPerformanceMonitoringService will be injected by Ninject into the property PerformanceMonitor.
MVC3 or later versions of MVC, however, support a new way of applying filters which is DI compatible and allows all DI patterns including Construction Injection. Thus, the previous approach is not recommended in MVC3+.
The following example demonstrates how to define and apply LogFilter to our actions, which can log some tracking information about the called or being called action methods. The filter uses the ILog interface of the Log4Net library as a dependency:

public class LogFilter : IActionFilter { private readonly ILog log; private readonly Level logLevel;

public LogFilter(ILog log, string logLevel) { this.log = log; this.logLevel = log.Logger.Repository.LevelMap[logLevel]; }

public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext) { var message = string.Format( CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,"Executing action {0}.{1}", filterContext.ActionDescriptor.ControllerDescriptor.ControllerName, filterContext.ActionDescriptor.ActionName); this.log.Logger.Log(typeof(LogFilter), this.logLevel, message, null); }

public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext filterContext) { var message = string.Format( CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "Executed action {0}.{1}", filterContext.ActionDescriptor.ControllerDescriptor.ControllerName, filterContext.ActionDescriptor.ActionName); this.log.Logger.Log(typeof(LogFilter), this.logLevel, message, null); } }

The LogFilter class uses the provided filterContext argument to determine the name of the Action method and its enclosing Controller. It then uses the injected implementation of ILog to log the tracking information. This class introduces two dependencies, one of which is the ILog interface and the other one is the log level under which the messages should be logged.
In order to tell MVC to use Ninject to resolve a filter, we need to register the filter using the BindFilter method of Kernel:

Kernel.BindFilter(FilterScope.Action, 0) .WithConstructorArgument("logLevel", ("Info");

The first parameter defines the filter scope whose type is System.Web.Mvc.FilterScope and the second one is a number defining the order of the filter. This information is required by MVC to instantiate and apply filters. Ninject collects these information and asks MVC on our behalf to create an instance of the given filter type and apply it to the given scope. In the previous example, LogFilter will be resolved using Ninject with “Info” as an argument for the logLevel parameter and will be applied to all of the Action methods.
The ILog log parameter will be resolved based on how we register ILog. If you have used Log4Net before, you will remember that it can associate each logger to the type of class for which the logger is used:

public class MyClass { private static readonly ILog log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(MyApp)); }

This way, the logs can later be filtered based on their associated types.
In order to provide the required type for our logger, we bind it to a method rather than a concrete service. This way we can use the context object to determine the type of object requiring the log:

Bind().ToMethod(GetLogger);

The following is the code for the GetLogger method:

private static ILog GetLogger(IContext ctx) { var filterContext = ctx.Request.ParentRequest.Parameters .OfType().SingleOrDefault(); return LogManager.GetLogger(filterContext == null ? ctx.Request.Target.Member.DeclaringType : filterContext.ActionDescriptor.ControllerDescriptor.ControllerType); }

In the previous code, the context.Request is the request for resolving ILog and ParentRequest is the request for resolving LogFilter. When a filter class is registered using BindFilter, Ninject provides the request with a parameter of type FilterContextParameter, which contains information about the context of the object to which the filter is being applied, and we can then obtain the type of the Controller class from it. Otherwise, this parameter is not provided, which means the logger is not requested by a filter class, in which case, we just use the type of the class requiring the logger.

Conditional filtering (When)

Now what if we are not going to apply the filter to all of the Controllers or the action methods? Ninject provides three groups of the WhenXXX methods to determine in which conditions to apply the filter:

• WhenControllerType: This method applies the filter to the specified Controller types only.
• WhenControllerHas: This method applies the filter to those Controllers with specified attribute type
• WhenActionMethodHas: This method applies the filter to those Action methods with the specified attribute type

Apart from the mentioned three groups, Ninject offers a generic When method which can be used to define any custom conditions which cannot be applied using the previous methods.
The following code shows how to apply LogFilter to those action methods which have LogAttribute, given that the LogAttribute class is a simple class deriving from the Attribute class:

Kernel.BindFilter(FilterScope.Action, 0) .WhenActionMethodHas() .WithConstructorArgument("logLevel", ("Info");

This is another example that shows how to apply this filter to all of the actions of the HomeController class:

Kernel.BindFilter(FilterScope.Controller, 0) .WhenControllerType () .WithConstructorArgument("logLevel", ("Info");

Contextual arguments (With)

In the previous examples, we have always used a constant “Info” argument to be passed to the logLevel parameter. Apart from the standard WithXXX helpers, which can be used on normal bindings, Ninject provides the following WithXXX methods especially for filter binding:

• WithConstructorArgumentFromActionAttribute: It allows to get the constructor argument from the attribute which is applied to the action method
• WithConstructorArgumentFromControllerAttribute: It allows to get the constructor argument from the attribute which is applied to the Controller class
• WithPropertyValueFromActionAttribute: In case of Property Injection, it allows to set the property using a value from the attribute which is applied to the action method
• WithPropertyValueFromControllerAttribute: In case of Property Injection, it allows to set the property using a value from the attribute which is applied to the Controller class

In the following code, we get the log level from the LogAttribute class rather than always passing a constant string to the logLevel parameter:

Kernel.BindFilter(FilterScope.Action, 0) .WhenActionMethodHas() .WithConstructorArgumentFromActionAttribute( "logLevel", attribute => attribute.LogLevel);

The previous code requires the LogAttribute class to have the LogLevel property:

public class LogAttribute : Attribute { public string LogLevel { get; set; } }

// This class is awaitable because it has the GetAwaiter method, provided MyAwaiter is an awaiter. public class MyWaitable { public MyAwaiter GetAwaiter() { return new MyAwaiter(); } }

Now the question is how to make a type awaiter? The minimum requirements for a type to be awiater are implementing the INotifyCompletion interface, and having the IsCompleted property and the GetResult method with the following signatures:

public class MyAwaiter : INotifyCompletion { public void OnCompleted(Action continuation) {

}

public bool IsCompleted { get { return false; } }

public void GetResult() {

} }

1. On the TeamCity machine, open the data directory. It can be identified using the TEAMCITY_DATA_PATH environment variable.
2. Open the corresponding directory to your required project from %TEAMCITY_DATA_PATH%\config\projects.
3. All of the build configurations are stored as XML files in the buildTypes directory.
4. Use a powerful text editor (e.g. [Notepad++](http://notepad-plus-plus.org/ "Notepad++") ) to batch edit the files.
5. From the TeamCity administration page, go to Server Administration\Diagnostics\Caches and reset buildsMetadata.

After a couple of seconds the changes should be reflected in all of your build configurations.